Exam final

Question. Explain why some scholars have called the Ancient Egyptians a "death obsessed" culture. Do you agree?

Thesis: The ancient Egyptians were a death obsessed culture from there a large pyramids honoring pharos to the difficult way they used to preserve their dead.

Primary Source #1:
“The king ascends to the sky among the gods dwelling in the sky. He stands on the great [dais], he hears (in judicial session) the (legal) affairs of men. Re finds thee upon the shores of the sky in this lake that is in Nut (the Sky-goddess). 'The arriver comes !' say the gods. He (Re) gives thee his arm on the stairway to the sky. 'He who knows his place comes,' say the gods. 0 Pure One, assume thy throne in the barque of Re and sail thou the sky. . . . Sail thou with the Imperishable Stars, sad thou with the Unwearied Stars. Receive thou the tribute' of the Evening Barque, become thou a spirit dwelling in Dewat. Live thou this pleasant life which the lord of the horizon lives (Pyr. 1169-72)”

Mircea Eliade "From Primitives to Zen": THE DEAD PHARAOH ASCENDS TO HEAVEN
http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/166.html

Primary Source #2:
The holy ones are overcome before thee, and all Egypt offereth thanksgiving unto thee when it meeteth Thy Majesty. Thou art a shining Spirit-Body, the governor of Spirit-Bodies; permanent is thy rank, established is thy rule. Thou art the well-doing Sekhem (Power) of the Company of the Gods, gracious is thy face, and beloved by him that seeth it. Thy fear is set in all the lands by reason of thy perfect love, and they cry out to thy name making it the first of names, and all people make offerings to thee.

Papyrus of Ani; Egyptian Book of the Dead [Budge]
http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Books/Papyrus_Ani.html

Primary Source #3:
“while the skull is cleared of the rest by rinsing with drugs; next they make a cut along the flank with a sharp Ethiopian stone, and take out the whole contents of the abdomen, which they then cleanse, washing it thoroughly with palm wine, and again frequently with an infusion of pounded aromatics. After this they fill the cavity with the purest bruised myrrh, with cassia, and every other sort of spicery except frankincense, and sew up the opening. Then the body is placed in natrum for seventy days, and covered entirely over. After the expiration of that space of time, which must not be exceeded, the body is washed, and wrapped round, from head to foot, with bandages of fine linen cloth, smeared over with gum, which is used generally by the Egyptians in the place of glue,”

Ancient History Sourcebook:
Herodotus: Mummification, from The Histories
http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/herodotus-mummies.html

Explanation of Argument:
The first source is about the spirit of the person after death. They are worship and expected to move on to an afterlife. The second source is the book of the dead. It is an entire book devoted to death and the quote is about how the spirits are holy and are wanted to be in peace after death. The final source is a bout how the Egyptians mummified there dead. They took a long time to make sure it was perfect and would last forever.



Question Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Thesis: Thucydides is a better model for a modern historian because his speeches and writing style are better than Herodotus and better express his ideas.

Primary source #1:
“After that I shall speak in praise of the dead, believing that this kind of speech is not inappropriate to the present occasion, and that this whole assembly, of citizens and foreigners, may listen to it with advantage. Let me say that our system of government does not copy the institutions of our neighbours. It is more the case of our being a model to others, than of our imitating anyone else. Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people.”

Pericles' Funeral Oration, c.490 BCE from Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War
http://www.historywiz.com/primarysources/funeraloration.htm

Primary source #2:
“True it is that kings, possessing as they do all that heart can desire, ought to be void of envy; but the contrary is seen in their conduct towards the citizens. They are jealous of the most virtuous among their subjects, and wish their death; while they take delight in the meanest and basest, being ever ready to listen to the tales of slanderers. A king, besides, is beyond all other men inconsistent with himself. Pay him court in moderation, and he is angry because you do not show him more profound respect--- show him profound respect, and he is offended again, because (as he says) you fawn on him.”

Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: The Persians Reject Democracy/Darius' State
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persdemo.html

Primary Source #3:
“… wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it. This belief was not without its grounds. The preparations of both the combatants were in every department in the last state of perfection; and he could see the rest of the Hellenic race taking sides in the quarrel; those who delayed doing so at once having it in contemplation. Indeed this was the greatest movement yet known in history, not only of the Hellenes, but of a large part of the barbarian world”

The History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides
http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.1.first.html

Explanation of Argument:
The first source is from Thucydides and it is about the Peloponnesian war. He writes to remember all that gave their lives to free his country. The second source is from Herodotus and it is about the beginnings of democracy in Greece. The third source is from Thucydides and it is the history of the Peloponnesian war. He is the best historian because he knew that war was great and wrote about.


Question: Considering all of the conflict of the first century BCE, was Rome better off as an 'empire' than as a republic?

Thesis: Rome was better off as a republic because it had less conflict and war than when it was an empire.

Primary Source #1:
“When a debt has been acknowledged or a judgment has been pronounced in court, 30 days must be the legitimate grace period. Thereafter, arrest of the debtor may be made by the laying on of hands. Bring him into court. If he does not satisfy the judgment (or no one in court offers himself as surety on his behalf) the creditor may take the debtor with him. He may bind him either in stocks or fetters, with a weight of no less than 15 lbs.”

THE TWELVE TABLES
http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html

Primary Source #2:
“Now, the greatest alarm that fortune ever brought upon the Greeks was when Xerxes invaded Europe: for at that time all were exposed to danger though an extremely small number actually suffered disaster. The greatest sufferers were the Athenians: for, with a prudent foresight of what was coming, they abandoned their country with their wives and children. That crisis then caused them damage; for the Barbarians took Athens and laid it waste with savage violence: but it brought them no shame or disgrace.”

Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Destruction of Corinth, 146 BCE
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-corinth146.html

Primary Source #3:
“means to give him battle, he occupied the citadel of a town called Cannae, into which the corn and other supplies from the district round Canusium were collected by the Romans, and conveyed thence to the camp as occasion required. The town itself, indeed, had been reduced to ruins the year before: but the capture of its citadel and the material of war contained in it, caused great commotion in the Roman army; for it was not only the loss of the place and the stores in it that distressed them, but the fact also that it commanded the surrounding district.”

Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-cannae.html

Explanation of Argument:
The first source shows that Rome had more control when it was a republic. The second and third sources are after it become an empire. Then it did it became the target of war and destruction and was not liked by countries around it.

Question: Were the Vikings "barbarians"?

Thesis: The Vikings were barbarians and through all the historical research they seems to be much more just as violent and blood thirsty as some believe.

Primary Source #1:
“It was in the autumn that he appeared before Paris with a very strong army…But he did not force them to raise the siege. He made terms with them and signed a shameful treaty. He promised to pay a ransom for the city, and gave them leave to march unopposed into Burgundy, to plunder it during the winter.”

Viking Raids in France and the Siege or Paris (882 - 886)
http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/vaast.htm

Primary Source #2:
“It had to be in such a way, however, that the king should summon the Gotlanders to the levy after the winter, and give them a month's respite before the day of mobilisation and, furthermore, the date of mobilisation shall be before mid-summer, and no later. Then it is a lawful summons, but not otherwise. Then the Gotlanders have the choice of travelling, if they wish, with their longships and eight weeks' provisions, but no more. Nevertheless, if the Gotlanders are not able to take part, then they are to pay a fine of 40 marks in coin, in compensation for each longship; but this, however, is at the following harvest and not in the same year that the summons was made. This is called the 'levy-tax'.”

Military Organisation in the Guta Saga
http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/guta.htm

“The burning of Tours The Danish pirates, making their way into the country eastward from the city of Nantes, arrived without opposition, November eighth, before Tours. This they burned, together with the church of St. Martin and the neighboring places. But that incursion had been foreseen with certainty and the body of St. Martin had been removed to Cormery, a monastery of that church, and from there to the city of Orleans. The pirates went on to the chateau of Blois[9] and burned it, proposing then to proceed to Orleans and destroy that city in the same fashion.”

The Earlier Ravages of the Northmen
http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Northmen.html

Explanation of Argument:
The sources all show that the Vikings were violent and would do anything for cash. In the third source they sacked Paris to get ransom money. In the second source they were preparing for raids and travel to Europe. In the first source they siege cities to get more plunder.

Question: What was the significance of the Black Death and the 100 Years' War to the development of Europe as we know it today?

Thesis: The Black Death was devastating to Europe and killed almost 1/3 of the population. The 100 years war was also devastating and pitted the Europeans countries against each other. Both of these things contributed to the decline in the development of Europe.

Primary Source #1:
“In Florence, despite all that human wisdom and forethought could devise to avert it, as the cleansing of the city from many impurities by officials appointed for the purpose, the refusal of entrance to all sick folk, and the adoption of many precautions for the preservation of health; despite also humble supplications addressed to God, and often repeated both in public procession and otherwise by the devout; towards the beginning of the spring of the said year the doleful effects of the pestilence began to be horribly apparent by symptoms that shewed as if miraculous.”

Medieval Sourcebook: Boccaccio: The Decameron – Introduction
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boccacio2.html

Primary Source #2:
“That every man and woman of our realm of England, of what condition he be, free or bond, able in body, and within the age of threescore years, not living in merchandise, nor exercising any craft, nor having of his own whereof he may live, nor proper land, about whose tillage he may himself occupy, and not serving any other, if he in convenient service, his estate considered, be required to serve, he shall be bounden to serve him which so shall him require; and take only the wages, livery, meed, or salary, which were accustomed to be given in the places where he oweth to serve, the twentieth year of our reign of England, or five or six other commone years next before. Provided always, that the lords be preferred before other in their bondmen or their land tenants, so in their service to be retained; so that nevertheless the said lords shall retain no more than be necessary for them; and if any such man or woman, being so required to serve”

Ordinance of Laborers, 1349
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/seth/ordinance-labourers.html

Primary Source #3:
“The English remained a considerable time on the field, and seeing they were delivered from their enemies, and that night was approaching, they retreated in a body to Maisoncelles, where they had lodged the preceding night: they again fixed their quarters there, carrying with them many of their wounded. After they had quitted the field of battle, several of the French, half dead and wounded, crawled away into an adjoining wood, or to some villages, as well as they could, where many expired. On the morrow, very early, king Henry dislodged with his army from Maisoncelles, and returned to the field of battle: all the French they found there alive were put to death or made prisoners. Then, pursuing their road toward the seacoast, they marched away: three parts of the army were on foot, sorely fatigued with their efforts in the late battle, and greatly distressed by famine and other wants. In this manner did the king of England return, without any hindrance, to Calais, rejoicing at his great victory, and leaving the French in the utmost distress and consternation at the enormous loss they had suffered.”

Battle of Agincourt, 1415
http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/agincourt.htm

Explanation of Argument:
The first two sources show the destruction caused by the Black Death. Many died and the labor force was much small. Also the hundred years war caused more destruction in France and England. This war caused many more deaths bringing down Europe’s population even lower.

Question: How does Henry VIII maintain power while breaking away from the Catholic Church?
Thesis Henry VIII maintained power by creating his own religion and forcing people to convert to it.

Primary Source #1:
“I have no fear but when you heard that our Prince, now Henry the Eighth, whom we may call our Octavius, had succeeded to his father's throne, all your melancholy left you at once. What may you not promise yourself from a Prince with whose extraordinary and almost Divine character you are acquainted? When you know what a hero he now shows himself, how wisely he behaves, what a lover he is of justice and goodness, what affection he bears to the learned I will venture to swear that you will need no wings to make you fly to behold this new and auspicious star.”

Lord Mountjoy to Erasmus, 1509
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html#Nine

Primary Source #2:
“He speaks French, English, and Latin, and a little Italian, plays well on the lute and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws the bow with greater strength than any man in England, and jousts marvelously. Believe me, he is in every respect a most accomplished Prince; and I, who have now seen all the sovereigns in Christendom, and last of all these two of France and England in such great state, might well rest content.”

Contemporary description of Henry VIII
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html

Primary Source #3:
“He was most fortunate in war, although he was constitutionally more inclined to peace than to war. He cherished justice above all things; as a result he vigorously punished violence, manslaughter and every other kind of wickedness whatsoever. Consequently he was greatly regretted on that account by all his subjects, who had been able to conduct their lives peaceably, far removed from the assaults and evil doings of scoundrels. He was the most ardent supporter of our faith and daily participated with great piety in religious services....”

Obituary of Henry VIII
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html

Explanation of Argument:
All the sources show that Henry was well liked and backed by his people. He was in charge of is country and anything he did went. Henry ruled through strength, power, and religion.

Movie notes

• For over a century the Medici had run Florence
• Jovanio would try for the papacy
• Michelangelo would brake new boundaries in art
• the Medici would bring Florence to a collapse
• 1501 Michelangelo began a large sculpture
• It would take three years to finish the sculpture - David
• Made a small model and took water level away to help him carve the block
• He moved in with the Medici
• Medici controlled all of Florence
• He was raised with the heirs of the Medici
• Jovano and Julio were brought up together for church life
• Medici marks wiped off street and heirs cast into exile
• The cousins roamed through Italy trying to get back into powers
• Michelangelo in 1504 revealed his work
• Put outside public governmental building/became symbol of overbearing Medici
• Show Florence after slaying the Medici
• He new that the medici were contrary to the what is needed for florence
• The pope helped the cousins assemble an army
• Leonardo began collecting corpses and dissected them (not appreciated by church)
• The two artists brought face to face - decorate council walls with frescos
• 1512 armed soldiers went to Tuscany and headed to florence guided by the medici cousins
• Machiavelli mobilized and equipped thousands to make a national army
• Machiavelli was wiped out by papal soldiers
• Medici won control back over there city
• Pope Julius II died
• Medici more welcomed as new popes
• Cardinal Juvanio became pope Leo X
• For the 1st time the pope was born in florence
• His cousin Julio is now a Medici cardinal
• Popes above all earthly power
• Had elaborate meals (65 coursers)
• Michelangelo was forced into painting the Sistine chapel by the pope (didn't like painting and wanted to be a sculpture)
• Michelangelo became a master of fresco
• 300 figures and stories from the bible
• Greatest work of art from the renaissance
• Ordered him to build tombs for the medici lost family (Guivano and Lorenzo)
• Machiavelli thrown in prison and tortured / exiled from city (wrote a hand book for dictators, the prince)
• Separated ethics from politics
• Group of cardinal tried to assassinated the pope / they were executed
• Leo sold Vatican jobs to trusted / sold papal indulgences / had bankrupted papacy
• Sale of salvation made a lot of money for the pope / lifted out of debt
• Martin Luther was horrified 1517 - manifest for change published (95 thesis attacking pope)
• start of a revolution
• Manifesto made its way back to Leo / he didn't care
• Luther excommunicated him and dammed him to hell
• Protestant revolution split church in two
• Pope died and Julio was crowed pope
• Soldiers were Lutherans and sacked Rome
• Pope escaped and pope Clemet VII caged in his castle St Angelo
• Very violent sacking

Exam practice

Does Leonardo deserve the title "Genius"?
Leonardo defiantly deserves the title Genius after all his paintings, intentions, and breakthroughs.

“He made designs of flour-mills, fullingmills, and engines, which might be driven by the force of water; and since he wished that his profession should be painting, he studied much in drawing after nature, and sometimes in making models of figures in clay, over which he would lay soft pieces of cloth dipped in clay, and then set himself patiently to draw them on a certain kind of very fine Rheims cloth, or prepared linen”

“Marvellous and divine, indeed, was Lionardo the son of Ser Piero da Vinci. In erudition and letters he would have distinguished himself, if he had not been variable and unstable. For he set himself to learn many things, and when he had begun them gave them up. In arithmetic, during the few months that he applied himself to it, he made such progress that he often perplexed his master by the doubts and difficulties that he propounded.”

“In the Renaissance, however, human beings became the central focus of artistic expression. This development was the result of the humanist movement, a revival of the culture of ancient Greece and Rome (called the classical period) initiated by scholars in Florence, Italy, in the mid-1300s.”

Sources:
FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari14.htm.
"Leonardo Da Vinci: Renaissance and Reformation Primary Sources." ENotes - Literature Study Guides, Lesson Plans, and More. Web. 04 June 2010. http://www.enotes.com/renaissance-
reformation-primary-sources/leonardo-da-vinci.
"Medieval Sourcebook: Giorgio Vasari: Life of Leonardo Da Vinci 1550." FORDHAM.EDU. Web.
04 June 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/vasari1.html.

2.Summarize how Elizabeth rises to the throne

Elizabeth rose to the throne through patience and cunning and brought a new age of hope to England.

“In a matter most unpleasing, most pleasing to me is the apparent Good will of you and my People, as proceeding from a very good mind towards me and the Commonwealth. Concerning Marriage, which ye so earnestly move me to, I have been long since perswaded, that I was sent into this world by God to think and doe those things chiefly which may tend to his Glory.”

“You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained you like myself.”

“seeing so great wickedness and griefs in the world in which we live but as wayfaring pilgrims, we must suppose that God would never have made us but for a better place and of more comfort than we find here. I know no creature that breatheth whose life standeth hourly in more peril for it than mine own; who entered not into my state without sight of manifold dangers of life and crown, as one that had the mightiest and the greatest to wrestle with”

Sources:
"Elizabeth I: Poetry." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 04 June 2010. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html.
"Modern History Sourcebook: Queen Elizabeth I of England: Selected Writing AndSpeeches." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1.html.
"Primary Sources: The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 04 June 2010. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html.

Battle of Tours wiki source

It was called the Battle of Poitiers. The battle took place in the cities of Tours and Poitiers. I was fought between the Frankish and Burgundian armies in 732. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi the leader of the Muslims was killed and Charles the leader of the franks then spread his control down towards the south. The Muslims had a much larger army than the franks did but through cunning Charles outsmarted them. The franks took the victory. Charles was ;later thought of a a victor for Christianity. This battle was at the high point of the Muslim attacks on Europe. The franks after wining the battle gained control over parts of western Europe.


Source:
"Battle of Tours." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 03 June 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tours.

Rome review

Ancient History Sourcebook:
Tacitus: The End of the Republic
http://ht.ly/1SwEx
"Tacitus begins the Annals by describing how the civil war and proscriptions (mass executions of political opponents) had destroyed the Republic. "
At the end of the empire augustus took control after most of the leader were gone. Rome was in caos and coruption and rivalry were spread amung the armies.

Ancient History Sourcebook:
Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE):
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
http://ht.ly/1SwxN
Canabal was on the march towards the roman empire. The romans turned to Aemilius. The men gathered to fight"eight citizen legions and eight allied legions combined--about 90,000 men". When the arnies met hanibal was out numbered. He brought the romans in close and then. Lybians attacked them from the sided (heavy armed calvery).Ameilis died after he and canibal joined the troops in battle. Called the battle of cannae. Ten thousand romans were captured.

Ancient History Sourcebook:
Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE):
De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius
(The Lives of the Caesars, The Deified Julius), written c. 110 CE
http://ht.ly/1SwBQ
Julius ceasers life. his first campagn was in asia. Hr served as military tribune. He devored"Cornelia he took to wife Pompeia". he was elected pontifex maximus after bribing them. He fougt in germany agaist the rebelious tribes there. After many great victories he died at the age of 56.

Livy's History of Rome, Book 1:
The Earliest Legends
http://ht.ly/1Swu5
The first part of the source is about the birth of troy and how the troagans spread out and strated wars. Then it progresses to later Roman legdes like romulus and Remus.

Greek sources

Pausanias (fl.c.160 CE): Description of Greece: Book I: Attica (Athens and Megara)http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pausanias-bk1.html

This source is about "Pausanias' description of each city with a synopsis of its history followed by an account of the monuments in topographical order. He also discusses local daily life, ceremonial rituals, legend and folklore. His main concentration is on artistic workd from the glories of classical Greece, especially religious art and architecture. That he can be relied on for building and works which have since disappeared is shown by the accuracy of his descriptions of buildings which do survive."
There are many beutiful temples in greece like the ones to Athena, artimis, and Zeus. There is a long history of the rebellions, wars, and other important events that influenced greek history.

Ancient History Sourcebook:
Herodotus:
The Persians Reject Democracy/Darius' State
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persdemo.html


Solon
http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/solon.html


Solon: Select Fragments
http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/DeptTransls/Solon.html



Excerpts from Thucydides
1) Pericles' Funeral Oration Pericles' Funeral Oration
2) The Mitylenian Debate The Mitylenian Debate
3) The Melian Dialogue The Melian Dialogue
http://mccandlessa.people.cofc.edu/Thucydides.htm

Exame Review

Egypt book of the dead (exame all writing)

• story of a scribe named ami and his trip to the other world
• life force was called Ka
• after mumification the Ka would wait in the tomb unitl it could be judged
• ankh is ancient egiptian symbol of enfinit and eternal life
• horus weighs the heart againt a feather (of maat)
• organs kept in conoptic jars
• if feather was heavyer than hear than person could go to afterlife
• name written down in book of the dead and then go to hcamber of osirus is king of the dead and his wife isus
• book of the dead http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead
• feather of moat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat

Greece

• Herodotus wrote about the persian war
• thucidides wrote about the pelopenisan wars
• Xenophan was an athenian and wrote about the time of socraties
• aristotle was the first to write an exiclapedia (aLL LEARNING)about history
• plutarch wrote biographies
• pausanias wrote a travel gide to greece

persian war

• largest empire lead by Xerxies
• some greeks join him and others are destroyed
• strait out of sea of mamara is the bosphoroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorus
• army crosses bospherous
• then go to provence of Thrace with thessalonika in it http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Greece
• at thermopole the spartans and greeks held them off for 3 days and athens was evacuated
• walls from perais to athens
• persians burned down acropilis and then defeated at soromis
• aropolis rebuilt by the league of athens' money 5th century
• polotics and history together
• wall round it was amemorial to persian war
• entered through grove of dionicis (god of win and theater)
• come around theater of dinoicis (plays performed here as a festival)war , religion and polotics is what explanes greeks
• have to fallow smae path
• enter through stared aria
• temple to athenia niki (victory)
• athenis protector of athans
• built with aninian leage funds directed by pericluis
• parthanon is important doric achetecture
• athenians win at solomis
• sac of corinth 146 bc

Question: from geak and persin primary sources how would things have been diferent if persians won

write outlines for answers (thesis three body paragraphs with primary source and explanation and conclusion)

1) Greece would be completely different if the Persians had won and not the Greeks.

2) "Once let us subdue this people, and those neighbors of theirs who hold the land of Pelops the Phrygian, and we shall extend the Persian territory as far as God's heaven reaches."

a) This quote shows that the Persians wanted to conquer all of Europe and would have destroyed anyone in there path if there were not stopped.

3) "The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders; for I will pass through Europe from one end to the other, and with your aid make of all the lands which it contains one country. "

a) This quote shows that the Persian wanted to unite all of Europe under one leader. This would have made all of Europe under the control of Persian and all the great civilizations couldn’t have developed.

4) “It were indeed a monstrous thing if, after conquering and enslaving the Sacae, the Indians, the Ethiopians, the Assyrians, and many other mighty nations, not for any wrong that they had done us, but only to increase our empire, we should then allow the Greeks, who have done us such wanton injury, to escape our vengeance.”

a) This quote shows that the Persians didn’t treat their conquered territories well and Greece could not have prospered under its control.

5) If the Greeks lost the war then all of history would be different. The great thinkers and philosophers would not have been so well known, all of Europe’s development would have been stunted, and the Greeks would have been slaves. Also the great empires of Europe might not have been created.

essay source:

"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Xerxes Invades Greece, from The Histories." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 27 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-xerxes.html.