Essay outline Is there a link between Lincoln's The Gettysburg Address and Pericles' Funeral Oration

I. Into
Both Lincoln and Thucydides wrote simmilar pieces about sacrifice and freedom.

II. Body
Thucydides wrote that sacrifice was needed to help save city of Athens. Thucydides wrote "Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died; and well may every one of their survivors be ready to suffer in her cause" (Pericles).


III. Body
Lincoln wrote about the need for sacrifice to save the nation. Lincoln wrote "that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth" ( Lincoln)


IV. Body
Thucidides wrote about the great power of Athens. He wrote "we have forced every sea and land to be the highway of our daring, and everywhere, whether for evil or for good, have left imperishable monuments behind us" (Pericles).

V. Body


VI. Conclution

Sources:
Ancient History Sourcebook:Pericles' Funeral Oration. Thucydides. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.html.

The Gettysburg Address. Abraham Lincoln. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/al16/speeches/gettys.htm.

Notes 3/26/10 west civ proj

Viking Age

• france changes from tribes to more organized system
• 1066 - 3 major battles
• #1 viking from norway raid england with 3,000 ships
• king herold (england) has to block off the Normans (duke willian)
• king herald Hadrada lead viking army

Could Rome have risen to power without slavery.

The slaves in the Roman Empire were needed for farming. They were treated well at first but when the farms grew then their master became crueler. The slaves were not given much food and they were given only a few articles of clothing (Cato the Elder, Agriculture, chs. 56-59: Internet Source Book). Even though the slaves were treated poorly the Roman Empire couldn't have functioned without them. Rome rose to power because of the help of slaves.

A slave who is good would help out his master. He should help with his masters business. Slaves who don’t obey their masters would be flogged. Slaves that do a good job will be rewarded by their masters Slaves were often hungry and not well taken care of (Plautus, Menaechmi, Act V, Sc. 4: Internet Source Book). The slaves were need for the development of the empire. They helped to harvest crops that the land owners couldn’t have harvested on their own. They were also house keepers and shepherds. The food that the slaves were given wasn’t the best but they survived Cato the Elder, Agriculture, chs. 56-59: Internet Source Book). The slaved were the backbone of the Roman agricultural system and were much need to develop the empire.

The slaves often revolted because of the constant oppression. The last large slave revolt occurred when 200 slaves tried to escape. Spartacus led these slaves through Italy. They were trained gladiators and stool many weapons to protect themselves. Many of his men were killed in their battles. Spartacus himself was finally killed. This rebellion showed how dangerous the slaves where. This was especially true for those who were trained to be gladiators. The Roman Empire would not let go of slavery despite the danger ( Plutarch, Life of Crassus, viii-xi: Internet Source Book). They were an important part of the economy and Rome couldn’t function without them.

The slaves revolted many more times and in the Roman empire. The slaves were “treated them with a heavy hand in their service, and granted them the most meager care, the bare minimum for food and clothing. As a result most of them made their livelihood by brigandage, and there was bloodshed everywhere, since the brigands were like scattered bands of soldiers” (Diodorus Siculus, Books 34/35. 2. 1-48: Internet Source Book). The slaves revolted after the Carthaginian collapse and this quote describes part of what happened there. The slaves were tired of being used to work so they revolted against their owners. The government of sacred of punishing these slaves because of the power held by their owners (Diodorus Siculus, Books 34/35. 2. 1-48: Internet Source Book). This shows that the slaves were not always helpful for the empire and often hindered its progress.

Slaves were often punished for revolting. They were beaten and battered by their owners. There were sometimes beaten beyond recognition. They were thought to deserve this for their frequent results. The slaves had to endure many hardships to serve the empire and often paid a great price to do so (Diodorus Siculus, Books 34/35. 2. 1-48: Internet Source Book). At one time the slaves revolted and “they brought together four hundred of their fellow slaves and, having armed themselves in such ways as opportunity permitted, they fell upon the city of Enna, with Eunus at their head and working his miracle of the flames of fire for their benefit. When they found their way into the houses they shed much blood, sparing not even suckling babes” (Diodorus Siculus, Books 34/35. 2. 1-48: Internet Source Book).The slaves were very destructive when they revolted.

The use of slavery helped to develop the Roman Empire. They raised crops, herded animals and helped out their owners. They were often mistreated and rebelled. Their rebellions cost many lives and often through towns into chaos. Without slaves the empire could have developed to be as prosperous as it was. This development cost the freedom of many people. Slavery was both helpful and harmful to Rome. The helpfulness out ways the cost of slavery and helped the empire to rise to power.

Sources:

Ancient History Sourcebook:Slavery in the Roman Republic. Plutarch, Life of Crassus, Viii-xi. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/slavery-romrep1.html.

Ancient History Sourcebook:Slavery in the Roman Republic. Cato the Elder, Agriculture, chs. 56-59. 25 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/slavery-romrep1.html.

Ancient History Sourcebook:Slavery in the Roman Republic. Plautus, Menaechmi, Act V, Sc. 4.
25 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/slavery-romrep1.html.

Sources for the Three Slave Revolts. Diodorus Siculus, Library. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/3slaverevolttexts.htm.

Notes 3/24/10 west civ proj

• Thesis statement is your opinion
• thesis needs to be tha last sentence of the 1st paragraph and should stand on its own
• paragraphs 2,3,4 are the suporting paragraphs w/ primary sources and wiki
• don't use something that doesn't back up argument
• conclusion sum up argument and bring you essay to a close
• don't use personal pronouns or generalizations
• vary pose and be specific
• use primary sources
• think outside the box

Notes 3/22/10 west civ proj

Sumerian culture

• writting cunaifurm (1st writing form)


• laws (code of hamurabi)


• divided time inot min and seconds


• opened 1st trade routes


• 4000 years ago died out


• had giant temple complex- Zigarat


• hebru scriptures describe garden of idean in mesopatania


• temperatures at about 120 F


• mesopatamia - the country between two rivers


• had once been the cradle of a civilization


• untle 19th centure didn't know much about the culture


• a tel was a big mound of dirt that could be covering a descovery

Egypt

• King tut was uncovered in the heart of the valley of the kings


• pharo was god on earth - controled flooding of the nile/


• have life force - Kah


• after death you Kah waited until it could go to the after life


• organs removed/body munified


• acording to book of the dead heart is weighed against a feather


• god of death / ocyrus


• nile floods and makes land fertile


• flood makes great top soil


• Herodotus - greek historian (egypt is a gift of the nile)


• made history into a book


• 6671 kilameters


• flows south to north


• the pharo is responsible for the rising and falling of the nile


• if no flood the people were angry at the pharo (some assasinations)


• nile gets larger with each flood

Minoins

• lived on Crete


• took name from king minos


• palace had large librenth with minatore in it


• sacrifices made


• thesius killed minitor


• 3,500 years ago civilizatio colapsed


• conosis larges city in europe


• had roads and running water


• befor Rome


• mt thera erupted and center of the island thera when into the sea (santerini)


• tsunami created and impacted crete


• sulfure gass created by erruption 36 km into airand created extream climate change


• cloud stays in atmosphere/ crops fail


• achiologist said that labrinth under palace might be storage

Micineans

• troagan war against greeks


• menaliasis' wife helen was stolen starting the war


• this event could have taken place


• could have been destroyed by an earth quake


• historian turned illiad inot a map - leads him to turkey/and he finds troy

Who's a Good Guy? Who's a Bad Guy?

The Vikings are characterized as blood thirsty barbarians. They are said to wear horned helmets and brutally kill anyone in their path (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking). Do the Vikings deserve this reputation or are they just like everyone believes? During the rein of Charlemagne many architectural and artistic advances were taken. He attempted to bring Europe out of the Dark Ages (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.html). I will discuss Viking and Charlemagne and explain why one is good and the other is considered bad.

The Vikings are the Norsemen who invaded Europe around the 12th century. They were raiders who preformed swift attacks on monasteries and other locations with easy wealth. The Viking age was also an age of exploration. They are believed to have visited the North American continent about 500 years before Columbus. Leif Ericson started a colony is Newfoundland but it only lasted a short amount of time. The Nose needed to expand because they had too many people for Scandinavia to support. Some of the Vikings went to Greenland and Iceland. These were very taught places that only the hardiest could survive in. The average Viking was armed with a sword, knife, chainmail or leather armor, and a battle axe. Some Vikings could throw the axe and cut off someone’s head. One of the first Viking raids was on the monastery called Landaus Farm. The Vikings targeted the monasteries because they were easy to attack and a lot of Christian objects are made of silver. They ruthlessly slaughter most of the monks there and continued to harass England and other parts of Europe. The Vikings had an advanced boat design that could be adapted to travel up streams or across oceans. This made them truly dangerous because most of Europe was accessible by large rivers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking). The Vikings also have many myths associated with them like they myth that they wore horned helmets. The few helmets that did survive from the Viking age do not have horns. Also any depictions from that time do not show the Vikings with horned helmets. It is more likely that this was believed to make the Vikings seem more savage. The Christian influence in Europe most likely did this to make the Vikings appear more pagan to others and more like barbarians (http://listverse.com/2009/04/21/top-10-misconceptions-about-the-vikings/). The Vikings were very advanced and had their own creating story this is written in the Edda. In this book of poems it explains that at the beginning there was nothing and then the earth was created. The Vikings have many gods and most of them play a part in the creation of some part of the world. There are dwarves, giants, and many different worlds (http://sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe03.htm). The Vikings are truly bad were feared by all of Europe at the time because of their savagery and viciousness.

The ruler Charlemagne had a major influence on Europe. He a major influence on the architecture and literature of the Middle Ages. He was a very well liked ruler and embraced education. He was constantly teaching himself new disciplines and also having his children schooled in many subjects (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.html). The Germanic people of the aria love to do metal working. He modified their jewelry making so that they made metal objects for the many monasteries in Europe. This was only a slight change from what the people were used to creating and it produced beautiful results (http://ow.ly/1nOX2). Another example is that Charlemagne had art created that was similar to that created in the Mediterranean in ancient times. He blended Northern and classical elements to create a completely new form of art for the North (http://ow.ly/1nOX3). He also created a new type of architecture. The wealthy family wanted to live in Roman like houses. They blended Christian, Byzantine and Roman Architecture to create a new type that was much different from other buildings (http://ow.ly/1nOX4). Charlemagne was a very well liked and influential ruler. He tried to bring back the power of the Roman Empire through art and architecture.

It is a question whether a person or group is good or bad. To tell this you can look at their impact and legacy. In the case of the Vikings, they might think that they are good because they might be helping their family get by but the truth is they had a negative impact on all of Europe. The Vikings were savage raiders who didn’t care who they killed to get what they want. Charlemagne on the other hand is good. He tied to bring back the power and security of the Roman Empire to the People of Europe. He help create many advances in art and architecture which benefited the people in Europe and bring them out of the Dark Ages.

Sources:

Top 10 Misconceptions About The Vikings. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. http://listverse.com/2009/04/21/top-10-misconceptions-about-the-vikings/.

Viking. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking.

THE POETIC EDDA. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe03.htm.

Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: Life of Charlemagne. Web. 18 Mar. 2010.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.html.

Carolingian Architecture. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX4.

Carolingian Art. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX2.

Carolingian Art. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX3.

Picture Source:

Nicholas Roerich, Guests from Overseas.jpg. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicholas_Roerich,_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg.

Charlemagne2.jpg. Web. 19 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charlemagne2.jpg.

Give three examples of Charlemagne's influence in the architecture or literature of the Early Middle Ages.

Charlemagne had a major influence on the architecture and literature of the Early Middle Ages. The Germanic people of the aria love to do metal working. He modified their jewelry making so that they made metal objects for the many ministries in Europe. This was a only a slight change from what the people were used to creating. Anther example is that Charlemagne had art created that was similar to that created in the Mediterranean in ancient times. He blended Northern and classical elements to create a completely new for of art for the North. He also created a new type of architecture. The wealthy family wanted to live in Roman like houses. They blended Christian, Byzantine and Roman Architecture to create a new type that was much different from other buildings. Charlemagne was a very well liked and influential ruler. He tried to bring back the power of the Roman Empire through art and architecture.

Sources:

Carolingian Architecture. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX4.

Carolingian Art. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX2.

Carolingian Art. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX3.

Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: Life of Charlemagne. Web. 18 Mar. 2010.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.html.

Picture Source:

Torhalle Kloster Lorsch.jpg. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX4.

Notes 3/18/10 west civ proj

• leaders see we need papol support
• Charelmain held title of Roman empiror eventhough the empire had fallen
• he tried to get the culture out of the dark ages
• legendary figue

What is the viking creation story

At the beginning there was nothing. No earth at all. Bur's sons created the land. They created Mithgarth. The moon came from the south and the stars came out. The gods held a council and decided what to call the things in this world. The gods made building and tools. Then they created giants. Out of Brimir's blood they created dwarfs. The dwarfs made their home in the land. The gods created man and gave them rules. War then spread thought the world. The river Slith then was created in the world. A giant then stole the sun from the sky. The gods held a council. A boat with the people from Hel then sailed out. The people fight vicious wolves. The people remember the ancient times when the Gods were there. A leader comes from the people to save them. A dragon then comes out of the earth. This is a summery of the Norse story in the Edda poem.

Source:

THE POETIC EDDA. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe03.htm.

Picture Source:

Vikings Fight.JPG. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vikings_fight.JPG.

Summarize and Compare Gibbon to Toynbee on the End of the Roman Empire.

Arnold Toynbee's article is about the founding of the Christian Church. He believes that the Roman Empire didn't decline because of Christianity because it started to decline before Christ was alive. He believes that the philosophies rising was a consequence of the fall of the empire. The empire had killed itself. He is trying to challenge the thesis Gibbon wrote about this subject. He believes that Christianity bridges the gape left between civilizations. He believes that Christianity did not destroy the roman civilization but helps spread life to others. The Minoan civilization fell even though there wasn't a major religion that lead up to the Roman civilization. The breakdown of civilizations allow for the flourishing of civilizations. He is wondering what would happen if the kingdom of heaven comes to earth in the future. The Church is strong because it has a mass, a pope, and a hierarchy. The large amount of institutions are the reason why the Church has outlasted civilizations. Personality an example of the spirit showing itself in someone life. Spirits seek to interact with others so humans need to be part of a community. Humans will continue to be sinful.

Edward Gibbon's article was about the fall of the Roman empire and its relation to Christianity. He believes that "the story of its ruin is simple and obvious; and, instead of inquiring why the Roman empire was destroyed, we should rather be surprised that it had subsisted so long." Corruption weakened the empire and then it was overrun by barbarians. He believed that the problem was that Rome moved its capitol and then had multiple emperors at the same time. When Constantinople was founded this lead to the fall of the Eastern part of the empire. He believes that he fall of the empire is in part due to the rise of Christianity. The Romans had no idea how much danger they were in. After the empire fell it was broken up into smaller kingdoms. He thinks that after the invention of war, art, and religion and commerce, "we may therefore acquiesce in the pleasing conclusion that every age of the world has increased, and still increases, the real wealth, the happiness, the knowledge, and perhaps the virtue, of the human race."

The two article are very different in there views of the fall of Rome. Gibbon believes that Christianity played a part in the fall of the Empire. Gibbon and Toynbee both believe that the empire caused its self to fall. Toynbee thinks that the empire continued to live on in the traditions of Christianity. Rome continued to effect Europe after it fell. Gibbon thinks that the empire just ended. He is not concerned with what Christianity did after that like Toynbee is. They both have different views about the fall of this mighty empire.

Sources:

Arnold Toynbee. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/toynbee.html.

Medieval Sourcebook:Edward Gibbon: General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gibbon-fall.html.




Picture Source:

Jacques-Louis David, Le Serment Des Horaces Detail.jpg. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David,_Le_Serment_des_Horaces_detail.jpg.

Notes 3/17/10 west civ proj

Vikings continued

• the first viking rade was at lindusfarm (a manistary on the coast of England attacked in 793)
• described as the devils from hell being released
• rikings were raiders not soldiers
• viking worrier was dressed in leather hide/ armor with knif sword and battle ax (most fearson)
• coastal monistaries were perfect targets/ large amount of wealth
• vikings looked for silver
• Europe has many large river/ perfect for viking long ships
• christians were victons of masicure/vikings conquer all in path/unstopable
• Charlse kings of france bribes vikings but more come back
• Eric the red and leaf ericson settle Iceland
• Greenland was colonized/very harsh land
• government - community of freemen that come together for descisions
• Leaf Erison descovers america in 1000 when he is blown off course
• Newfoundland colony onlt lasts 10 years
• Leaf Ericson Christianizes the colones/unites vikings
• set up fire and berserver could cross pegan fire but not christian one
• Herald

Vikings books

Sources:

Edda. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda.

Heimskringla. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla.

What is the tie between the Vikings and the vast amount of Latin based words in the English language?

In the 9th and 10th centuries the Viking invaded parts of England and Scotland. The language spoken at the time was Old English. The Viking invaders began using Old English words along with their own language Old Norse. The languages mixed and gave us many of the commonly used words we use today. Latin was the commonly spoken language in Europe at the time. The European priests converted the Anglo Saxons and spread Latin. When these Normans invaded, they brought many of their Latin based words with them also. All these languages came together to form our modern English language spoken widely today.

Source:

Old English. Web. 16 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English#Norse_influence.

Picture Source:

Runes Futhark Old.png. Web. 16 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Runes_futhark_old.png.

Notes 3/16/10 west civ proj

Vikings

• in the 8th and 9th century devoted to pegan god of war Oden
• believed it was a honor to die in battle and they whould to to Valhala
• believed the war was flat
• wanted to conquer England
• did swift overnight rades and sailed not far from land
• during roman period the celts lived in Gaul and ireland/ series of different tribes
• middle ages in 6th century though 14 and 15th century
• during that time the vikings lived in sweden, denmark, and Norway
• the vikings were not christianized in midle ages but the celt did becuase they lived in the roman empire
• celts lived in ireland
• vikings lived outside roman empire (non christian traditions)
• attack england and ireland in about 7 to 9th century
• nine worlds in norss mythology
• most people went to the underworld but the woriers whent to the halls of valhala after death
• edda - stories of the gods (books of peoptry)
• Yggdrasil tree - the the great tree of the world aound at the begining of creation goes from the underworld to valhala
• a man hanged himself from the tree and came back with the knowlegde of runes (writing used for language, carvings, and divination)
• Ragnnarok - story of the great battle at the end of the world
• entire world thrown into fire all of midgaurd would die (where everyone lived)
• heimskringla - writen by Snorri Sturluson (13th century)
• most culture writen by the descendet s of the vikings
• berserkers - men acting out the animal of the hid they are wearing (initiation of all young men / have to train to be a warrier)
• Lief Ericson found iceland, greenland, and came to america 5oo years befor columbus
• had two types of ships one for river journies one for open water journeys
• primary source:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html
• burried heros in their ships
• in 1880 in Norway archielogists grave ships found willed with goods needed for a journey to the after life
• agreculteraly oriented people/ had chiefs/ life of survival/ plant grains and vegies and raised animals
• land fueds errupt and vikings creat the longships

midgard - world of human experience

Alfheimr - world of the elves

savartlfaheim - world of the black elves

vanheimr - world of the vanir (near the Don river)

muspellheim - world of fire

jotunheimr - world of the giants

nifheim - world of ice

asgard - world of the Aesir (far away, up)

hel - world of the underworld (down)

Why are Viking always depicted as wearing those hats with big horns on them? If they did in fact wear them, what kind of animal did they use to get th

It is a myth that viking wore helmets with horns on them. The few helmets that did survive from the viking age do not have horns. Also any depictions from that time do not show the vikings with horned helmets. It is more likely that this was believed to make the vikings seem more savage. The christian influence in Europe most likely did this to make the vikings appear more pagan to others and more like barbarians. Another explanation is that because the Norse God Thor had a winged helmet that others mistook these for horns. There are many other other possible solutions for depicting vikings in horned helmets. If a helmet from that time did have horned I think they would be bull horns. This would be more likely because they look the more similar to artist depictions than other types of horns that belong to animals from Europe.

Source:

Top 10 Misconceptions About The Vikings. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. http://listverse.com/2009/04/21/top-10-misconceptions-about-the-vikings/.

Picture Source:

Prizvanievaryagov.jpg. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prizvanievaryagov.jpg.

Why are Vikings such common mascots in American sports?

I believe that vikings are common mascots because of the symbolism that they are associated with. Vikings are characterized as savage bloodthirsty pirates that attack villages and settlements whenever they choose to. Vikings we so well feared in the ancient times because of their brutality and dangerous weapons. All free Norse men had to own their own weapons. They most commonly had chain mail, helmets, shield, and swords. They fought honorable and usually didn't use bows because they believed it wasn't a fair fight when they did. The modern sports teams are trying to convey this same image of strength, power and brutality that is associated with vikings. They want their opponent to fear them. The vikings where highly feared and the sports teams want to be also.

Source:

Viking. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking.

Picture Source:

Leif Ericson on the Shore of Vinland.gif. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leif_Ericson_on_the_shore_of_Vinland.gif.

Notes 3/15/10 west civ proj

• Hadrian expands the empire to its larges ta nd limits it to the north


• Marcus Aurilius limits the empire to the west


• under Clodius the empire begins to clash


• first african emperor of rme was Septimius Severus e mpire stablizes


• under his son, Caracalla begins the time when roman generals ruled rome


• all the general fight for power (soldier emperors)


• no control until Diocletian in 284 changes the for of government inot a Dominata


• tetrarchy - 2 people control eastern part and 2 control the west


• this creates civil war


• the 2 most powerful tetrarchs are Maxentious and Constantine


• they battle called the battle of the Milvian bridge on october 28, 312


• constantine wins the battle


• constantine saw a vision in the sky of the chi ro (p and X fist letters of christ) his solders paint it on their shields


• Constantine makes christianity legal as a resault


• christianity became dominent religion for the roman empire and all of europe


• He also moves the copitol to constantinople (istanbull) in Turckey


• and when the roman empire colapes this city is where the bysantine empire begins

Late antiqity

elements

• solder emporers


• rise of christianity


• rise of constantine


• movement of the capitol


• visigoths attaching Rome (city) and falls in 476

Two views

• roman empire ended


• roman empire turned into modern europe

Early christianity

• early christianity was ilegal


• their art was neutral


• you need to know the code to understand the art


• Roman Catacombs - systum of caves that early christian hid in


• dipiction of jesus is different in modern times


• used symboles

Bysantine age

• leader Justinian


• art showing he has the church and the army


• he has both streagth of the chruch and the army/ needed to be a sucessful ruler


• much different from the roman empire


• Constantinople grows into a major city


• Hagia Sophia Jesus - imagry of christ more modern eastern representation (in a mosque modernly)


• turks convert that church inot a mosque

The Athenian Plague

During the time Athens was in fierce combat against Sparta, a plague broke out. This occurred during the Peloponnesian War around the 5th century. The people of Athens were losing interest in the war and misfortune spread through Athens. The plaque began to decimate the city while the threat of attack by Sparta loomed in the distance. In this essay I will discover what could have started the plaque and its connection to modern diseases (http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Athenian-Plague:--430-B.C.---426-B.C.-(Part-1)&id=275662).

The Peloponnesian war begun after Greece had defeated the Persian Empire. The Greek historian Thucydides is the main source of information about this war. After the defeat of the Persian Empire, Athens took control as the Dumont Greek power. The jealous city states of Greece rebelled. Sparta began the Peloponnesian war soon after over who would be the dominant power. The young men that were in Sparta and Greece stated fighting the war because they believe it was a source of adventure. After the first year of fighting a plague hit the Mediterranean. This occurred during the summer. The plague killed as much as ¼ of the population in that area. The plague hit two more times and more times and Thucydides himself contracted it. He later recovered. Pericles was the general that lead Athens in the Peloponnesian war. He was killed by the disease. It is uncertain what the disease is but it is believed that it could be typhus. Other possibilities include measles, ergotism, and influenza http://www.indiana.edu/~ancmed/plague.htm).

Thucydides gives us an important account of this plague in Thuc. 2.47-55 (see picture #1 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_plague_of_ashdod_1630.jpg). In these chapters
he says that the plague began in Ethiopia and spread down to Egypt. From there it spread thought Greece and the Mediterranean. Thucydides describes the plague by saying “…there was no ostensible cause; but people in good health were all of a sudden attacked by violent heats in the head, and redness and inflammation in the eyes, the inward parts, such as the throat or tongue, becoming bloody and emitting an unnatural and fetid breath” (Thuc. 2.49). Thucydides says the symptoms are then followed by sneezing, chest pain, coughing, spasms, and vomiting. The people who contracted it often couldn’t sleep because they were constantly being tormented by the disease. The survivors often lost fingers, toes, and sometimes they lost their eyes site or memories. Their bodies were often disfigured by the disease. Thucydides wrote his discretion so that it could be studied by future generations. This description is a great help in trying to figure out what the plague could have been (http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Thuc.+2.47-55.html).

In modern times we learned a lot more about the disease typhus. The symptoms include a severe headache, chills, high fever, stupor, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and a skin rash. Typhus is caused sometimes caused by bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. These bacteria can cause epidemic or recrudescent typhus. Typhus is believed to be spread by lice. The treatments that are used for typhus include baptisia homeopathic prevention and treatment, rhus tox homeopathic prevention and treatment, arsenicum homeopathic remedy, phosphorus homeopathic remedy, mercurius homeopathic remedy. A little over half of the people who contract Typhus today are hospitalized (http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/t/typhus/intro.htm).

The plague in Athens was devastating and delivered a severe blow on the population in Greece. Many died and it is uncertain what the cause truly was. There is no way to test for the cause of the plague so we may never know for sure. Thucydides was a great help to historians who are trying to look into the cause but his description don’t fully match and known disease. Form the information given by Thucydides; I believe that Typhus could be a match to what caused the plague in Athens around the 5th century. The symptoms are similar in both cases. Also the age of the people that are affected is similar. In both cases the suffers have extreme thirst and pain. This is the closest match to the mystery disease that we currently have.


Primary Source:

Thuc. 2.47-55:The Plague. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Thuc.+2.47-55.html.

Sources:

The Athenian Plague: 430 B.C. - 426 B.C. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Athenian-Plague:--430-B.C.---426-B.C.-(Part-1)&id=275662.

THE PLAGUE IN ATHENS DURING THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. http://www.indiana.edu/~ancmed/plague.htm.

Typhus. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/t/typhus/intro.htm.

Picture source:

The plague of ashdod 1630.jpg. Web. 12 Mar. 2010.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_plague_of_ashdod_1630.jpg.

How does Early Christian and Byzantine portraiture represent both a continuation of and a break from the past?

The Christian and Byzantine portraiture represent both a continuation of and a break from the past. After the fall of the roman empire much art had disappeared or had been forgotten. These two groups brought back the roman art of painting portraits. The art is a little different from what the Romans used to do. The Byzantine and Christian art is more vivid and used brighter colors. The portraits are also more accurate. During this time halos were put on the center most important person. In Christian art it was around Jesus and in other works it is around the emperor. This type of are is an improvement over earlier cultures and shows how well developed these areas were.

Sources:

Byzantine Art. Web. 11 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art.

Roman Art. Web. 11 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_art#Still_life.

Picture Source:

Meister Von San Vitale in Ravenna 003.jpg. Web. 11 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_003.jpg.

Read Augustus' 'Res Gestae ' paragraphs 19 - 21 and scavenger hunt for as many pictures relating to the places mentioned as you can find.

Temple of Augusto

(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomaForoAugusto.JPG)

Chalcidicum


(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chalcidicum_around_Church_at_Troyan.JPG)

Temple of Apollo
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_apollo.JPG)

The Theater of Pompey

(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pompdraw.gif)

Temple of Castor

(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4685_-_Roma_-_Fori_-_Tempio_dei_Dioscuri_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_17-Mar-2008.jpg)

Ariminum

(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Rimini214.jpg)

Temple of Saturn

(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Forum_temple_of_saturn.jpg)

Interactive rescources and Games

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/launch_gms_gladiator.shtml

This is a very interesting interactive. In this game you dress a gladiator for battle. You can pick the weapons and clothing that he will be wearing. The weapons and clothing held decide who will win the fight. If you win your gladiator could gain his freedom.

http://www.novaroma.org/via_romana/numbers.html

This a a very valuable tool that can help you convert numbers into roman numerals. Number were very important for roman trade. This is one of the easiest converters that you can find for turning own modern number into roman numerals.

http://www.nga.gov/education/classroom/interactive/arcade.htm

This is a very fun and interactive game about ancient Greece. You can match symbols with characters from Greek mythology. If you get stuck then you can get helpful hints. If you match all the symbols then you win the game. This is a great game for kids who want to learn about ancient Greek myths.

http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/ancient_greece/alphabet.htm

This is a very interesting game that teaches you about the Greek alphabet. This is a challenging game but is a lot of fun. You match words in Greek with what you think it translates to in English. After you select your answer you can use the button on the button of the screen to check them.

http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/ancient_greece/greek_gods.htm

This is a very creative and interesting game. You have to match a clue with a picture of a Greek God or Goddess. If you like matching games then you will live this one. This game is for younger kinds but is still a lot of fun.

http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Games/InteractiveAdventures/Tomb-unknown-mummy

This a very interesting and fun games made by National Geographic. You enter a tomb and take pictures of the artifacts. Then you use clues to try and discover who the mummy is. This is a great game for any one who like doing detective work.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/launch_gms_ironage_life.shtml
In this game you have to use your survive the Iron Age. You need have the skills to make fire, bake bread and spin cloth and so survive. It game is beneficial to test you knowledge to see if you could survive the Iron age.


http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/launch_gms_deathrome.shtml
In this game you have to go undercover and catch and ancient Roman killer. You have to gather evidence and solve puzzles to find out who the killer is.

Digital Flashcards on Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero

Augustus



Tiberius



Caligula



Claudius



Nero



Sources:

AUGUSTUS (31 B.C. - 14 A.D.). Web. 10 Mar. 2010. http://www.roman-emperors.org/lindexxx.htm.

Claudius (41-54 A.D.). Web. 10 Mar. 2010. http://www.roman-emperors.org/indexx.htm.

Gaius (Caligula) (A.D. 37-41). Web. 10 Mar. 2010. http://www.roman-emperors.org/indexx.htm.

Nero (54-68 A.D.). Web. 10 Mar. 2010. http://www.roman-emperors.org/indexx.htm.

Tiberius (A.D. 14-37). Web. 10 Mar. 2010. http://www.roman-emperors.org/lindexxx.htm.

Notes 3/10/10 west civ proj

• principate - begun by Augustus

prima porta Augustus - famous statue of Augustus showing that he is God like (some of julius caesar)

• Ulius desended from God venus
• Romans held standards - bronze pole with insignia of there leagion
• S.P.Q.R abriviation of Rome
• when augustus was emperor, he lost 2 leagions in a battle
• statue is political propiganda
• standing above the Gods

Agustus dies without an heir

• Tiberius becomes emperor
• crule man and was later exiled
• Then Caligula takes thrown
• liked to have peole murdered in front of him / special relationship with sister / menataly messed up
• Empire throw into caos and he is assasinated
• Then Claudius becomes emperor
• didn't want to be emperor
• very shy and descent emporer
• replaced by Nero
• he burned down rome becuase he wanted to build a park
• then built a palace in the park
• forced to commit suicide - sais the world id loosing a great artist
• rome is then thrown inot upheavel for a year
• then Vespasian comes into power
• no nonsence
• Rome over 1 millian people in Rome and very diverse
• Then his son Titus comes into power
• nocked down Neros gold statue and built a the colosium
• Arch of titus - built to honor Titus's distruction of Jerusalum
• tension between romans and jews in Jerusalum
• Titus sacks city and burnes down the temple/ taking treasures
• then domitian takes power
• tough and crule
• built major bath complex
• every day romans whent to baths
• all roman cities had baths
• was assasinated

Good emperors

• Nerva 96-98
• changes the way emerors was chosen
• chose who would be the next emeror
• trajan 98-117
• went to war against Dacins
• colum built about the war
• Hadrian 117-138
• greates of all roman emperors
• largest empire
• poet, philosiphers states man
• had beard - wanted to be seen as greek philosipher
• Antonius Pius 138 -161
• Marcus Aurelius 161 - 180

Choose a Julio-Claudian emperor and write a 2 to 3 page skit where that emperor is seeing a psychologist. What's on his mind?

Emperor Nero

Psychologist: What is on your mind today emperor Nero?

Nero: I think that I may be going crazy!

Psychologist: I might be able to help. What is going on?

Nero: Well fist Poppaea said that if we want to be together then I have to kill my mother.

Psychologist: Well this is bad news. Did she convince you to do it.

Nero: Yes, She did.

Psychologist: How did she convince you do it?

Nero: She told me that my mother was plotting to kill me so that my successor could take the thrown.

Psychologist: Did you honestly believe this.

Nero: Yes, of course I believed her. My mother was keeping up apart. She was the only thing that kept us apart.

Psychologist: It seems to me that Poppaea has a controlling personality and is using you do what she wants. I believe that she will continue to exploit you.

Nero: This can’t be. I don’t believe you.

Psychologist: That was just my professional opinion. You don’t have to believe what I said if it upsets you.

Nero: I think she does want to be with me. She would never try to exploit me.

Psychologist: What happened next?

Nero: Well, She told me that if anyone found out that I would lose my thrown.

Psychologist: I can see. Did this anger you?

Nero: Yes, it did. She then said that I needed to frame her death so it looked like a suicide.

Psychologist: How did you do this.

Nero: I took that dagger that I killed her with and put it in her had so it looks like she stabbed herself in the chest.

Psychologist: This is quite a gruesome event. Do you have any adverse effects from it?



Nero: I don't want to talk about it. You will think I am crazy.



Psychologist: Go ahead. I will reserve my judgment.



Nero: Aside from always feeling guilty, I think I may be haunted by my mothers spirit.



Psychologist: Why do you believe this?



Nero: When I can’t sleep, I walk through the halls of my palace. Sometimes I see dark shapes cross the corner of my eye and hear my mother’s screams.



Psychologist: I believe that what you are experiencing is extreme paranoia cause by the guilt of killing your mother. There are various medications that you can take for this I you want me to prescribe them.



Nero: No, her ghost is real. She is still with me. I am not crazy!



Psychologist: This may seem real but I assure you it is just a hallucination. They will fade with time.



Nero: Are you sure.



Psychologist: Yes, most definitely.



Nero: Thank you so much.



Psychologist: You can come and see me any time. Good bye emperor Nero.
Nero Good bye.



Source:



Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Web. 9 Mar. 2010. http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=h&p=c&a=b&ID=95.



Picture Source:



Nero 1.JPG. Web. 9 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_1.JPG.

Was Rome better off as an 'empire' than as a republic?

When Rome was a Republic there was a fairer system of government. The votes of the rich counted for more than the poor. The poor also had a large amount of power under the republic. The poor only had one seat in the Senate but they were given the power to veto. During this period the empire expanded and trade as well as wealth grew. The wealthy could purchase land and serve in the Roman military. During this period Rome was better off because the poor had more power and the government was kept in check through a system of checks and balances.

When Rome was an empire it was not better off. Rome was ruled by an emperor. This emperor had complete control over all the people of the roman empire. The poor had even less rights then before. The senate had much less power then under the Republic. Even though the government was weaker, the empire continued to expand and gain wealth. The empire was not better off in this period because the common people didn't have as many rights and one ruler controlled the entire empire.

Source:

Conversion of the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. Web. 9 Mar. 2010.http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t2w4rometoempire.htm.

Picture source:

The Growth of Roman Power in Italy.jpg. Web. 9 Mar. 2010.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Growth_of_Roman_Power_in_Italy.jpg.

Review of the History Resource Center

The database called History Resource Center is a very valuable tool for research on almost any historical topic. This database has information from all over the world. This database has Chronology which is a tool that can be used to find images and facts about a date that you are interested in. Also it has a person search with allows you to find a specific people that are mentioned in the database articles. There is also a subject search to find a specific subject in the database. Once you have found your article you can uses tabs to navigate through related references, biographies, periodicals, news, primary sources, and multimedia. This is a very good site for finding a wealth of historical information and is very easy to navigate through. I would definitely recommend that others check out this database and try it for yourselves.

Database Source:

History Resource Center. Web. 8 Mar. 2010.http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/hits?l=1&s=1&r=d&locID=harfordcl&c=1&n=10.

Picture Source

Ancientlibraryalex.jpg. Web. 8 Mar. 2010.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancientlibraryalex.jpg.

Notes 3/8/10 west civ proj

Growth of Roman power

• villa culture develops


• split between rich and poor


• patrician built fancy country houses/some were in the bay of Naples


• subura is were the rest of the people lived


• in the 1st century the Romans patricians were very rich


• the houses on the bay showed how elegant the architecture and art was


• the Graccihi brothers were assasinated and was the fist political assasination in Rome


• optimares were the rich seniters


• the populares were concerned with the welfare of the people


• in 95 B.C. the states around rome revult againt the paricians called the social war


• Marius and Sulla put down the rebelian but they have there own standing armies


• Marius is in Rome and Sulla descides to march on Rome


• Marius defeats him and pushes Sulla out of Rome


• Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C.


• Caesar become senetar


• men running for Consulship need suport from the parcician


• Julius goes to Rome and gets the vot from the plebians and he wins the senate


• The proconsul was the governor


• Caesar was sent to be governor of gaul (were the celtic tribes live)


• He conquers all of Gaul in 6 years


• Ceasar needs to come back to Rome and face a trial because he wasn't given permision to conquer Gaul


• he crosses Rubocome (river) and takes his troops to Rome


• The senetar use Pompey to try and fight off Caesar


• this begins a sevel war


• at pharsalus Creasar defeats Pompey's army


• Pompey is assasinated in Egypt


• great respect between Generals


• Caesar din't want Pompey to be decapitated


• Cleapatra is the last in the line of leaders who deseded from alexanders generals


• Caesar was declared dictator for life

What was the attitude of the Romans towards women and children.

Law 4 said if a child is deformed he can be killed.
Law 5 said that women need to be guarded.
Law 6 said that is a women live together for a year then they are considered married and the woman is treated as the man daughter.
Law 10 said that women cant cry at funerals.
Law 11 said that a patrician and a plebeian can't be married.

The Romans only allowed their children to live if they are without birth defects. This means they didn't value every child's life. The Romans treated women as if they belonged to the men and they could be controlled.

Primary source:

THE TWELVE TABLES. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html.

What's so "ancient" about Rome?

Rome was one of the most powerful empires in ancient times. It started as a small community in Italy that was based on agriculture. This civilization was started around the 10th century. Ancient Rome contributed to many great advances like war, technology, law, architecture, and religion. Its innovation will continue to affect the modern world to this day (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome).

The story of Rome begins when twin brothers named Romulus and Remus are born. Their mother is Rhea Silvia and their father is the God Mars. The twins are the descendents of the ancient Trojan worrier named Aeneas. The king believed that the twins would one day take his thrown so he had them drowned. The twins were then saved by a mother wolf (picture #1 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg). The brothers were raised until they could return and take back the thrown. They founded a new city, Rome, and then Romulus killed Remus over who would rule the new city. The city grew with an increase of trade in the area (http://www.historyonthenet.com/Romans/legend_of_rome.htm).

In about 504 B.C. the Roman Republic was founded (see picture #2 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Map.png). After its founding the struggle of the orders began. It occurred when the Plebeians who are the commoners and Patricians who are the aristocrats have a political struggle in the Roman Republic. The commoners wanted to have an equal amount of power as the upper class. In 494 B.C. the commoners got what they wanted. They were given one seat in the senate called the Plebeian Tribune. The commoner in this seat was elected by the other Plebeians and was given the power to veto. Over time this resulted in more Plebeians receiving seats in the senate. The Patricians now had to make laws that the Plebeians would like or they wouldn’t get passed. The Plebeians gained more power and were not only those who fallowed the laws. Now they helped to create fairer laws for everyone. This uprising would lead to the modern democratic systems still in place today (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders).

The Roman Republican political and legal systems are still present in modern democracies today after being founded in 509 B.C. The Romans made many major advances in law. The roman government was a based on a system of checks and balances. Also it employed separation of powers. This new system depended on the structure of society not laws to maintain peace and order. The roman republic had its own constitution. This was a set of guidelines and was not official. It was mostly unwritten but it was still known by all. The roman republic also had a powerful senate. The senate’s duty was to oversee foreign policy and to take care of civil administration in the city. The roman republic also had a legislative assembly. This was made of us two groups of civilians. It was the people who had the main power. These elements listed are the basis for most of the modern democracies that function today (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic#The_Senate).

The Romans were also advanced in there combat formations. During a time when the main combat formations used hoplite tactics the Romans used a variety of soldiers. The roman legions were broken down into about 5 parts, each of which had a different type of weapon. This was much more maneuverable then the old formations used by the earlier civilizations. The Romans had cavalry, light infantry and heavy infantry. Also the Romans made technology similar to what we have today. They had roads, baths, aqueducts for supplying water, and theater. Also they build building that had domes and arches and after the collapse of the roman civilization much of this technology disappeared. Many of the roman building and monuments are still standing today (http://www.crystalinks.com/rome.html).

Ancient Rome was a large and powerful empire. Its influence has reached thought the ages and effect us to this day. Rome was changed the world of politics and law. They created a strong system of checks and balances and their own constitution hundreds of years before the United States did. They also created aqueducts and successfully constructed domes for their buildings. The roman civilization is not as ancient as we all thought. They were far ahead of their time and constantly teach us more about how to create a successful modern civilization.

Sources:

Ancient Rome. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome.

Ancient Rome. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://www.crystalinks.com/rome.html.

Conflict of the Orders. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders.

The Romans. Web. 4 Mar. 2010.
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Romans/legend_of_rome.htm.

Roman Republic. Web. 23 Feb. 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic#The_Senate

Picture sources:

Roman Empire Map.png. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Map.png.

She-wolf Suckles Romulus and Remus.jpg. Web. 4 Mar. 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg.

Herodotus, Thucydides, and Livy

Herodotus was a Greek historian who lived from 484 B.C. to 425 B.C. He is known in the West as the “father of History”. He was the first historian that would test the accuracy of his collected information and then put it in a narrative. He is famous for writing “the Histories” which is an account of the Persian Wars. Although not all of his information was completely correct he did collect all of it from taking with other people (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus).

Thucydides was a Greek historian who lived from 460 B.C. to 395 B.C. He wrote the “History of the Peloponnesian War”. He used cause and effect to explain this history so he gained the name “father of scientific history". He is also the creator of a school that studies political realism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides).

Livy was a Roman historian who lived from 59 B.C. to 17 A.D. He wrote "Chapters from the Foundation of the City" which is a large collection of the history of Rome. It goes from the founding of Rome and legend like Romulus and Remiss to the present time when Livy was alive(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy).

Sources:

Herodotus. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus.

Livy. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy.

Thucydides. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides.

Picture sources:

AGMA Hérodote.jpg. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg.

Thucydides-bust-cutout ROM.jpg. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg.

Titus Livius.jpg. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titus_Livius.jpg.

Notes 3/3/10 west civ proj

Herodotus

• wrote history of Persian wars
• considered father of history
• went out and talked to people

Thucydides

• more of a scholar than Herodotus
• wanted the facts

Livy

• roman historian
• lived during the time of Augustus
• wrote history from Romulus and Remus to present
• book 21 of Livy's history of Rome is the story of Hannibal and the second Punic war

2nd Punic war

(battle of Cannae)

• Hannibal 's father made his pledge to hate the Romans
• Takes his army including war elephants over the Pyrenees and the Alps
• finaly gets to southeast of Rome
• Rome sends 60000 troops to cannae to attack Hannibal
• Roman soldiers out number the Carthaginians
• romans break through and then Hannibal surounds them and send calvelry to the back
• All the romans died and Hannibal is victorious
• largest Roman defeat up to that time
• hannibal fins the battle but he didn't have the fources to seage Rome, the capitol city (piric victory)

(battle of Zama)

• Romans lead by Scipio Africanas
• Romans win a vicory after scaring Carthaginian war elephants
• the elephants ran back into carthaginian
• Hanibal finaly defeated after 16 years of victories against rome
• scipio used hannibal strategies to win

3rd Punic War

• Roman were lead by son of Scippio, Scipio Aemlianus
• takes troops to meet carthaginians at Carthage
• the Romans seage the city and completly destroy it
• Cato the elder ended all his speaches with Carthage must be destroyed
• Scipio has the city covered with salt and all people killed or enslaved

Imagine you are a Roman in the year 264 BCE (the year of the 1st Punic War). What does your future look like? Then, look at the world around you today

In 264 B.C, my future would look poor. Rome and Carthage are locked in a fierce struggle for dominance in the Mediterranean. If Rome loses I could be enslaved and taken from my home. Because of the Plebeian Tribune I don’t have to be upper class to influence the laws in Rome. The balance in the Mediterranean is shifting while the two great powers are fighting. My future is uncertain(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War).

In the present day politics is very hectic. The government of the United States is trying to implement new healthcare laws and we are in the middle of a financial crisis. Also there is a struggle with the United States overseas. New technologies like computers are constantly advancing the world. The United Sates is the most powerful country currently so my future is very uncertain.

Source:

First Punic War. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War.

Picture source:

First Punic War 264 BC.png. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Punic_War_264_BC.png.

How was the Struggle of the Orders influential on later Roman politics?

The struggle of the orders was when the Plebeians who are the commoners and Patricians who are the aristocrats have a political struggle in the Roman Republic. The commoners wanted to have an equal amount of power as the upper class. In 494 B.C. the commoners got what they wanted. They were given one seat in the senate called the Plebeian Tribune. The commoner in this seat was elected by the other Plebeians and was given the power to veto. Over time this resulted in more Plebeians receiving seats in the senate. The Patricians now had to make laws that the Plebeians would like or they wouldn’t get passed. The Plebeians gained more power and were not only those who fallowed the laws. Now they helped to create fairer laws for everyone. The Patricians now had less power to force the Plebeians to do what they want.

Source:

Conflict of the Orders. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders.

Picture source:

Gaius Gracchus Tribune of the People.jpg. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg.

Please write a brief biography of Hannibal and explain whether or not you think his reputation (in Roman eyes) as a monster was deserved.

Hannibal lived from 248 to 183 B.C. Hannibal lived during the time that the Roman Republic was growing as a Mediterranean superpower. Hannibal is most well known from bring an army that had war elephants over the Alps and Pyrenees mountains. After only three years in Italy he had won three major battles. He occupied Italy for 15 years until the Romans forced him back to Carthage. He was later defeated by the Romans in Carthage. Hannibal was defeated by Scipio who studied Hannibal's own war tactics. Hannibal was one of the best generals of ancient times.
I think that in the eyes of the Romans his reputation as a monster was deserved. Hannibal did wage war against the Romans and occupied Italy for 15 years. His victories over the Romans and his occupation of Italy made him very unpopular in Rome and could have branded him a monster.

Source:

Hannibal. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal.

Picture source:

HannibalTheCarthaginian.jpg. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HannibalTheCarthaginian.jpg.

Notes 3/1/10 west civ proj

Roman Empire

Aeneas

• was the last surviving warrior of Troy
• leads his people from Troy through the Mediterranean to Carthage in North Africa
• Dido falls in love with Aeneas.
• He must leave to fufill the will of the Gods and they go to Italy
• Dido commites sucide
• The troagans fight the people Latins in Italy and win
• Greeks have control over most of Italy
• Troagans set up Alba Longa as their main city (the kings rule from here)

Romulus and Remus

• Romulus and Remus were raised by a she wolf
• they declair war on each other
• Romulus wins and founds Rome
• Rome becomes the new capitol
• Etruscan civilization was north of Rome and they rule it for several generations
• Tarquin VI rapes a roman nobles wife
• Lucius Junius Brutus leads romans against the Tarquin kings

Rome

• founding of roman republic 509 B.C.
• the lower class threatens to rebel
• the tribune of the plebs is the one seat created in the senate that is a lower class (he has the right of veto)
• this creates checks and balances
• Roman army takes the land in the rest of italy
• the army set up a governor, a betalian, and a tax colector for the conqered city
• the roman army recruites young men from the vilages (30 years of service and then givenland to retire)
• Epirus was ruled by Pyrrhus (greek king)
• Pyrrhus invades rome in 280 B.C. in southern italy and then up to rome
• He defeates the roman army but loses the war
• Pyrrhus loses to many men to claim the victory
• in 264 B.C. in Sardinia they tell rome that Carthage is attacking them
• Rome startes a war against Carthage has 3 punic wars